Planning Function of Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning Function of Management - Case Study Example Ethical issues involve (1) a safe working environment for employees and (2) provide customers with fair and up-to-date information. In this case, planning is concerned with the long-term development, its essential character, its personality, its essence. Therefore, planning is concerned with decisions which have enduring effects that are difficult to reverse. WorldCom creates safe and friendly atmosphere which helps employees to increase productivity and avoid conflicts. While planning is a process that should generate receptivity to change and foster a responsive and proactive posture for the staff, it has been suggested that when rigidity is found in the process, the benefits and intent of the process have been lost through misuse (Sims 2003). Fair and up-to-date information is the main requirements applied to all spheres of WorldCom business. Social responsibility issues include (1) fair competition and (2) equal treatment of all employees in spite of their cultural background, age or gender. WorldCom supposes that planning should be implicitly receptive, even flexible, to change or to new ideas if it is to lead a complex bureaucratic agency into a changing environment with some assurance of success. It develops its business strategies and marketing plans in accordance with rules established by the industry. Diversity management helps WorldCom to eliminate cultural and age differences, and provide employee with equal opportunities. The planning process through which a staff progresses may be extremely valuable if the staff is able to confront and clarify its mission, if the awareness for change in a turbulent environment is afforded greater appreciation and acceptance (Issues in Corporate Social Responsibility 2007). The company's strategic panning is influenced by new products, legal strategies and competition. Managers acknowledge that the steps involved in the process are few and uncomplicated, but the technique and craft, even artistry, are complex. Strategic panning involves stakeholders working collectively to (1) review selected basic considerations or conduct a strategic analysis, (2)

Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Everyday Use by Alice Walker - Essay Example Mama had the right values; Dee's were a faade. Mama saw her daughters with honest clarity. Dee, "determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts." (Walker, p2) and Maggie, who "knows she is not bright. Like good looks and money, quickness passes her by." (Walker, p2). Dee hated their lifestyle, looked down on her slower sister and fought her way out, with Mama's help. Maggie asked for, and got little, but held onto the true meaning of family heritage and what each item really meant to it. Mama was a fair and realistic woman. Their differences showed in the discussion over each item. Mama and Maggie recalled the important aspects of family history, holding memories and people as valuable. "Aunt Dee's first husband whittled that dash." (Maggie whispered this), whereas Dee would "think of something artistic to do with the dasher." (Walker, p5) Mama understood that Dee was almost making an exhibition of her heritage, not appreciating its value, and with that understanding came her decision over the quilts. She prided herself on being capable, on valuing the results of hard work and appreciating the art and skills of the people who had created the useful items. Dee's proposal to hang the quilts did not match her beliefs. Mama valued the quilts and the other items as

Benefit-Cost Ratio in Healthcare Services

Benefit-Cost Ratio in Healthcare Services When you think of going to the hospital or calling an ambulance, it is difficult to not think about the costs included with those services. All of the money spent does in fact go to good use in the hospital because the cost to run and maintain the machinery and equipment is very high. It can be so great that supplies are scarce therefore equipment does not get to the ambulances. An important life saving device is an AED, or an Automated External Defibrillator. These can be found around hallways of the campus and exerts a shock to someone who had a heart attack and no longer has a heartbeat. AEDs are fairly expensive and highly inelastic so they are difficult to obtain or replicate. ÃÆ'-rebro University in Sweden analyzed the costs and benefits of carrying the AED for EMS (Emergency Medical Service) use. The most common cause of death is coronary heart disease in the world happening nowhere near a hospital bed (Sund). When someone goes into cardiac arrest, it is crucial the patient is resuscitated as soon as possible to increase the chance of survival. Defibrillation plays one of the most important parts during resuscitation and that is where the AED comes into account. Every minute that a person goes without a heartbeat, their chance of survival decreases dramatically. Their brain needs oxygen, the entire body needs blood, and without the heart flowing blood throughout the body, there is a higher chance of organ failure if they do survive. But before you go out and purchase thousands of AEDs, there are a few things that need to be looked over. Not only do the hospitals have to account for the cost of a single AED, but they have to train the different employees on how to use it, the hospitalization afterwards, and the supplies used during the ten-year lifespan such as the sticky pads that go on the person to send the shock and replacement batteries. The total costs of the defibrillators in the county of Stockholm accumulated to just over 8 million euros, or 8.45 million dollars (Sund). Assume the average cost is 8 million dollars per county in North Carolina. There are 100 counties in North Carolina, totaling 800 million dollars for installation of defibrillators in our state alone. There is no doubt the AEDs would have a high cost, but the benefits overcome that hurdle by saving many peoples life. For most 9-1-1 calls, the first responders are the police, fire department, and EMS with an ambulance for transport. By having the fire depot responding to medical calls, the chance of survival increases significantly. In the county of Stockholm, the average time for use of the AED decreased by one minute and the percentage of survival after one month increased by two percent (Sund). In just one county, those numbers represent how significant and useful an AED device can be. To put a monetary amount on the value of life, it would be 2.2 million euros to prevent premature death. This comes from a survey where people were asked how much they would be willing to pay to prevent death (Sund). In the end, the benefits of an AED device calculated to be 36 times higher than the costs, proving that a price cannot be put on a persons life. With a benefit-cost ratio of 36, meaning the benefit is 36 times more than the amount of the cost spent, it is easy to see that the people of Stockholm would be supportive of the program. The AEDs are a one in ten year purchase with an almost infinite use within the time frame. Once the AED devices are bought, that is the only cost, but every life saved is an additional benefit. It is easy to see that in one year, you can make the money back by three times as much. Currently, slightly over half of all EMS has an AED available. Maybe if the government read this article, they would understand the importance of it and how much it impacts survival during an emergency. Reference (APA) Sund, B., Svensson, L., Rosenqvist, M., Hollenberg, J. (2011). Favourable cost-benefit in an early defibrillation programme using dual dispatch of ambulance and fire services in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The European Journal of Health Economics: HEPAC, 13(6), 811-8. doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.bravecat.uncp.edu/10.1007/s10198-011-0338-7

Summary and Analysis of The Summoners Tale :: Canterbury Tales The Summoners Tale Essays

Summary and Analysis of The Summoner's Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Summoner's Tale: The Summoner was enraged by the tale that the Friar told. He claims in response to the Friar that friars and fiends are one and the same. He tells that a friar once was brought to hell by an angel and remarked that he saw no friars there. However, Satan lifted his tail and thousands of friars came out from his ass and swarmed around hell. Analysis The Summoner becomes insane with anger upon hearing the Friar's Tale, which, although it was told with great vitriol against summoners, had a measured manner and refrained from personal attacks. Where the Friar was intensely contemptuous yet civil, the Summoner becomes a brutish and ill-tempered barbarian. Rather than combating the image that Friar's Tale had given of his profession, the Summoner confirms the worst about the low qualities of his kind. The Summoner's Tale: A friar went to preach and beg in a marshy region of Yorkshire called Holderness. In his sermons he begged for donations for the church and afterward he begged for charity from the local residents. He went to the house of Thomas, a local resident who normally indulged him, and found him ill. The friar speaks of the sermon he gave and essentially orders a meal from Thomas's wife. She tells the friar that her child died not more than two weeks before. The friar claimed that he had a revelation that her child had died and entered heaven. He claims that his fellow friars had a similar vision, for they are more privy to God's messages than laymen, who live richly on earth, as compared to richly spiritually. He speaks about how, among the clergy, only friars remain impoverished and thus close to God, and tells Thomas that his illness persists because he has given so little to the church. When Thomas remarks that his wife is angry, the friar launches into a tirade about the ill effects of i re in men of high degree. He tells the tale of an angry king who sentenced a knight to death because he returned without his partner and automatically assumed that he had murdered him. When a third knight lead the condemned knight to his death, they found the knight that he had supposedly murdered. When the third knight returned to the king to have the sentenced reversed, the king sentenced all three to death: the first because he had originally declared it so, the second because he was the cause of the first's death, and the third because he did not obey the king.

Returning to School Essay

Returning to school was one of the important decisions, I have made about my future. I will be discussing my reasons for returning to school. Such as setting a good example for my children and getting a higher education. Returning to school was a very important decision for many reasons that include setting a good example for my children and carrier advancement. I firmly believe in leading by example, and I want them to see that if I can do it, they can do it as well. I am determined to be the best role model that I can possibly be. My decision in obtaining a Higher education is the key for my present and future as it will be for them. Without it I have gotten about as far as I can with my current employer and I would be left with the feeling as if I have sold myself short. If I get a college education, I will have something to help me get the job that I want and deserve. Even though higher education, Reasons on returning to school because Setting an example for my children and Getti ng a higher education. I have had several jobs over the years. The majority of them have been in nursing in one form or another, my current job is a Certified Nursing Assistant at a nursing home, and prior to that I was a Certified Nursing Assistant doing private duty for over ten years. I am working towards a Bachelor’s Degree in Healthcare Administration in Long Term Care. I know that once I receive my degree I will be qualified for a variety of jobs. The job that I would like the most would be a Administrator in a nursing home. I want to help others who don’t have the means to help themselves. Most of all I can’t stand seeing elderly people who are not properly cared for, especially those who just don’t seem to care about their well being. This is not the first attempt I have made to return to school, this is actually the second. I tried returning to school once before while working and partying before I had kids. At first everything went fairly well but over a short period of time I realized the work load would prove to be too much. I was working eighty plus hours every two weeks which did not allow for me to have the proper amount of time to spend studying so I had to end up dropping out. Pursuing a degree in Healthcare Administration in Long Term Care can help in many ways. It will help me develop communication skills. After reviewing the description of Healthcare Administration in Long Term Care and talking it over with my academic advisor, I decided to go with it. With this degree I could start my own business. Work for a non-profit organization. Also I could simply decide to pursue a management position with my current employer. I have a wide range of work I can find with this degree. I know I picked the right degree and the right time to return to school. The benefits of obtaining a college degree have been obvious. Getting a higher education to get a better job and higher salary is definitely a benefit. Setting an example and being a role model for my four children is reward enough.

“A Rose For Emily” by William Faulkner †Foreshadowing Essay

Foreshadowing is often used by an author to heighten the interest in the story. The author of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† foreshadows the discovery of Homer Barron’s body in a few different ways. The smell that develops around Emily’s house, and Homer never returning to Emily’s house are both foreshadowing what happens later in the story. When Emily went into the drug store saying â€Å"‘ I want the best you have. I don’t care what kind'†,(William Faulkner) and purchased rat poison, it immediately informed the reader that somebody is the story was going to die. While reading this story, I believed that Emily purchased the rat poison in order to kill herself, not Homer Barron. Right at the end of the story, when the door to the house gets opened, the Negro immediately leaves, which indicates that he has got something to hide. We soon find out that he indeed had something to hide, Homer Barron’s body. Emily Grierson’s portrayal of reality is completely different from the reality surrounding her. Emily doesn’t allow the mayor to put up a mailbox in front of her house, and refuses to accept the fact that there might be mail coming to her house. She believes that since she doesn’t have any actual friends, there will be no mail getting delivered to her house. She believes that since nobody is friends with her, she should have no mail. Emily refuses to accept a lot of things. She also refuses to pay taxes because she has â€Å"‘no taxes in Jefferson (William Faulkner). After her father’s death Emily had been dismissed of paying taxes and had still not realized that time had gone by and things had changed. Emily also refused to accept her father’s death and follow the rules at the pharmacy when asked to identify the reason she that she needs rat poison. Emily Grierson does not seem to understand that things change as time passes by. Homer may have changed his mind about being with Emily, but Emily did not want to accept this fact. This may have c aused her to keep Homer with her forever, in her own, sick, twisted way.

Differentiated marketing strategy Essays

Differentiated marketing strategy Essays Differentiated marketing strategy Paper Differentiated marketing strategy Paper Critical evaluation: You need to prove to Sally that your current targeting approach is effective or whether there is a better alternative. Consider what unsatisfied needs may exist in the market that could represent opportunities for your organisation. (3 pages)(10 marks) The BMW 7 series target market is basically a small market with a majority of the customers being senior executives, in the mid 30s to 50s, businessmen or wealthy men. This target market however is by no means small in the eyes of BMW, as they represent the class of customers whom BMW wants to target as they have the capacity to afford prestige automobiles and also have taste for superior class and style. By targeting this group of customers, BMW has to be highly creative and innovative as with higher cost, higher standards are also expected. Even though the size of the targeted market is small, its of high importance to BMW. BMW could easily have adopted a cheaper range of automobiles, but this would not fit well with their customers, whom have come to see BMWs name to be associated with that of prestige and luxury automobile that are substantially expensive but of very elevated quality. This targeted market however can be seen as a growing market, as more customers become keen on having technological enhanced automobiles together with enhanced features that are offered with this 7 series. The new BMW 7 series has been position in the mindset of customers as the being a pleasure to enjoy (appendix 2). Using differentiated marketing strategy we can clearly define the customers for the new 7 series (Kotler, 2001:307). By targeting the segments of senior executives, in the mid 30s to 50s, businessmen or wealthy men, we have defined what range of customers the 7 series would acquire. These would be our target market for the 7 series. We could have easily targeted a larger section of the market, but the 7 series would and might not have appealed to the entire market. Even though the 7 series represents prestige and massive advancements in technologic, it might not be appealing to a working class man, in his 20s. This is because the price of the 7 series might be too high for him and also he might like a sportier looking automobile, which is clearly what the new 7 series is not. BMW could have easily captured this section of the market too, but to make the new 7 series sportier and cheaper might have devastating effects on the original target market. As their original perception of the new 7 series would have been one of prestige and luxury and with a high price without the sporty body. If we were to lower our new 7 series prices, it might lead to a very perceptive view of the image of BMW. As BMW has been known to offer quality automobiles at premium prices. With the launch of the Mercedes-Benz new E-Class, priced at $119, 000, we would have to re-evaluate our 7 series target market to better cope with this new introduction to the automobile market (appendix 4). In terms of features, we are still significantly in the competitive edge, however to better sales and profits we might have to better position our new 7 series to the target market (perceptual map). With the Mercedes-Benz new E-Class automobile being significantly much more lowered priced then our new 7 series, we would need to wait and see if this price for the E-Class is a temporary introductory price or is it here to stay. If it is then we would need to significantly adjust our price range for our new 7 series to compete with the E-Class in terms of pricing. Benefits segmentation would be greatly influential and might draw more customers to the new 7 series (perceptual map). Benefit like the two year warranty and subsequent extension to the warranty with BMW Warranty Plus would add further benefits to our customers. This could and might lead to more loyal customers, which is ultimate better for us. Other benefits include the BMW Roadside Assistance, complimentary car hire and accommodation and the special BMW 1-800 number (www. bmw. com. au). These benefits can significantly facilitate to segment the market into groups according to the different benefits that consumers seek from the product (Kotler, 2001:298). However as I have stated above that the typical customers of the new BMW 7 series are basically senior executives, in the mid 30s to 50s, businessmen or wealthy men, we have disregarded a portion of this targeted market and they are the female executives who have also the same desires and passion shared by their male counterparts. We have to develop new marketing mixes to better position this BMW 7 series into the mindset of these female customers and by gaining them as customer we can have massive improvements to sales and profits. Proper marketing mixes should be done through promotions with famous female personalities that this female executives can related them to. However we have to pay special care and not transform the new 7 series to a femine modeled automobile, as this might lead our current male customers away from us. We got to strike a balance between both the male and female sections of these targeted market. Unsatisfied needs might arise as competitors might come up with better technological automobiles with better features to counter our new 7 series. We could implement strategies to counter this unsatisfied needs with surveys of customers and their perception and thoughts for further improvements on the 7 series. Many gaps can be significantly bridged, as seen in appendix 3, with the idea of personalizing the interior and exterior colours and designs of the new 7 series being one of them (appendix 3). With these surveys and customization we could get insights to the way our customers feel about our 7 series and go about making improvements for the future that would represent opportunities for BMW in terms of sales and profits.

Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Example

Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Example Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Essay Topic: Literature Although there is a tendency in 20th century writers, and literary critics, to approach tragedy as a high and daunting ideal, to attempt a tragedy in the 19th century was a frequent undertaking, and it is not surprising that, given Hardys brooding and unflinching intellect, the genre has a powerful presence in his stories. If his success is finest and most subtle n tragedy, he had attempted and succeeded before, and his experiments continued after Tess of the dUrbervilles. Hardy came to the writing of Tess of the dUrbervilles with a full head of steam after deciding about six years earlier that Wessex was his subject and tragedy his genre, and in the midst of a reading and thinking program that made him aware of the latest developments in late-Victorian intellectual cogitation. Some of the events associated with the cogitations of that age are social and monetary exploitation of down-and-out peasantry by nouveau riche gentry, terrorism by arrogance, intellectual adventures without a clear sense of purpose or of social obligation; larger social, industrial and agricultural movements that proceed without concern for those persons most materially and physically viscerally affected (threshers, Swede diggers); the vacuity and haplessness of social agencies such as the Church presumably set up to help those in need, but which instead work doctrinally and careeristically, and neo-complexity of all, relativism and subjectivity. An interesting speculation might be whether these concepts in humanistic terms so admirable and desirable might not be ultimately responsible for the suffering of such people as Tess, who are not able to incorporate such complexities into the mundane ness of their conceptions and ambitions. First of all, the course events Tess undergoes may be considered. Tess is the eldest daughter of John Durbyfield. But later on it is discovered that they are actually descendents of the once famous knight DUrbervilles. Poor parents of Tess send her to the DUrbervilles who are actually stokes and member of the nouveau riche gentry to claim kin with them and thus, if possible, to improve their lot. But there she is seduced by Alec DUrberville and after she returns, she gives birth to a child, who dies within a few days. Then for the second time, she goes out for employment to Tallothays dairy where she is in love with Angel Clare and subsequently married to her. But on her wedding night she is deserted by Clare, and again has to go to Flintcomb Ash for work. There again she comes across Alec, who is relentlessly pursuing for her body. In the meantime Angel leave for Brazil. Tess gives her consent to live with Alec as her mistress, the reason being her familys hard up situation. Angel at last realizes his fault and returns from Brazil. Tess murders Alec, is united with Angel and within a few days is captured by the police and towards the end she is sentenced to death. As has already been pointed out that there are several aspects of the tragedy of Tess: social, individual, historical and intellectual. Arnold Kettle, the veteran Marxist critic, figure among those who are interested in the social aspect of Tesss tragedy. According to him, Tesss story, though a poignant individual case history, would not have become so famous if it were no more than that. The history and geographical background of southern England are not just a necessary background to Tesss story, they are integral to it, entering at every turn and level into the essence of the situation that Hardy describes. It is evident in the course of Tess of the dUrbervilles that industrial invasion from the northern England is posing a serious threat to southern England, the place where Tess and people of her likes live. Industrialization is destroying the social fabric of the organic community of the south. The traditional land owning class is at stake by the newly rich tradesmen, who are at least partly represented by Angel. Sifting of people from country owing to lack of employment is also happening. Tess and girls of her like are vulnerable. They are seduced by people like Alec. Arnold Kettle concludes, saying that if David Copperfield is every fathers child abused by an unkind stepfather, Tess is every innocent but ruined woman. The author himself Hardy seems to be interested in the historical perspective of Tess of the dUrbervilles. Tess is a daughter of the once influential DUrbervilles. Violence was a part of the life of the DUrbervilles and when they were extremely powerful they used to abuse young women. But history repeats itself, and there is also a bitter irony of it. Today, Tess, the descendent of the ancient DUrbervilles is abused by others. History is repeating itself but only the role has been reversed. How eloquent the irony of history is! In chapter 59, it is mentioned that . he dUrbervilles knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. This famous statement, added in revision, underscores the centrality to the novel of the ancient DUrbervilles. Hardy has a serious use for the ancient family a reminder both of time and of cyclic occurrence but also f the irrelevance of the DUrbervilles in the modern world. The individual and intellectual aspects interpenetrate and overlap with each other. Tesss tragedy has both its individual and intellectual aspects. The foundation of Hardys idea of tragedy of the individual pervades the novel. Although now Tess is simply a maiden and perhaps his DUrberville background is also of little importance. But yet she is an individual whose distinction from other country girls can be marked in many events. Tesss skin is as sumple as a duchesss. It indicates that her complexion is one of her significant aspect. Hardy, the narrator, has mentioned that Tess uses two dialects one at home to converse with her mother and another, which is more standard and modified top converse with outsiders. This is clearly a distinction from other country girls. In this respect it is also significant that she has read up to the sixth standard at a school and she nurtured the hope of becoming a school teacher. Tesss sense of dignity demarcates her from the rest of the country girls. When the country folk make fun of her father she retorts. There is another aspect in her character which is probably uncommon in a male dominated society. She is always ready to take the responsibility of anything related to the fortune of her family whether it be the death of their horse, Prince or the responsibility to ensure financial sufficiency for the family. Her mother has a special liking for music and she can memorize any tune after listening to it only once. This has influenced Tess. The most significant trait in her character is that she is able to make such reflections as to amuse even Angel. He tells her that she reflects on such issues which are in keeping with the ache of modernism. An American critic, Dale Kramer, while commenting on Tesss character, has said that there is a contradiction in her character; she is a combination of mundane ness and extraordinariness. We might wish to follow a different track. Tess, on the superficial level, may appear mundane, but in reality, compared to others and given so many traits of her character, she is obviously extraordinary. In this respect what D. H. Lawrence says is unforgettable, Tess is passive out of self-acceptance, a true aristocratic quality, amounting almost to self-indifference. She knows she is herself This is a rare quality, even in a woman. And in a civilization so unequal, it is almost a weakness. This is the essence of Tesss tragedy. She is so aristocratic that she can only help, she can never be helped. Both Alec and Angel do her harm. To Alec she made a confused surrender. She discovers that she does not love him, she returns home. The chief problem of Tess if that she is looking for an identity which will fit her. It is in Angel that she finds it. But, unfortunately enough, Angle cannot detect this. He, who is a student of something and everything, has, at the beginning, loved only an image in Tess, not her real self. As soon as the image disappeared, he deserted her. It is only after a long course of sojourn in Brazil that he comes to realize his fault. But it is too late. In the seventh phase, Tess got her identity and that is her union with Angel and now she is ready to die, since she has achieved her fulfillment the peak of her prosperity. In her relationship with Angel, love is the main stimulus. But Angel cannot realize it. He cannot discover the depth of Tess love, nor its honesty. So he also suffers. She kills Alec because he was an obstacle a man between Angel and herself in the way to achieving her identity. This killing is a heroic deed, no doubt, if we consider the reason behind it. Tess assumes a heroic grandeur when she utters in Chapter 58, What must come will come. Upon awakening at Stonehenge to find police there, she echoes Aeschylus in saying, It is as it should be (Chapter 59) and also in her last words in the novel, I am ready. (Chapter 59) Towards the end Hardy provides a context for Tesss climactic suffering and tragedy obviously, directly associating his rural, quotidian sufferer with the mythological Ixion being punished in hell by being tied to a revolving wheel. (It is interesting that the Ixonean wheel is one of Schopenhauers favorite classical images. ) Society has contributed much to Tesss tragedy. It is always hostile to aristocrats of Tesss like. Hardy, Tesss creator, and perhaps only a few sensitive readers will realize the degree of cruelty and harshness committed against Tess, who is held with high esteem in their hearts, Poor wounded name! My bosom as a bed shall lodge thee.

Angkor Wat Timeline

Angkor Wat Timeline At its height, the Khmer Empire that built Angkor Wat and the other marvelous temples near Siem Reap, Cambodia controlled much of Southeast Asia. From what is now Myanmar in the west to all but a thin strip of land along the Vietnamese coast of the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Khmers ruled it all.  Their reign continued for more than six hundred years, from 802 to 1431 CE. The Temples During that time, the Khmers built hundreds of gorgeous, intricately carved temples. Most began as Hindu temples, but many were later converted to Buddhist sites. In some cases, they switched back and forth between the two faiths numerous times, as attested by the different carvings and statues made at different time periods. Angkor Wat is the most wonderful of all these temples.  Its name means City of Temples or Capital City Temple.  When it was first constructed before 1150 CE, it was dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. By the end of the 12th century, however, it was gradually being transitioned into a Buddhist temple instead. Angkor Wat remains a center of Buddhist worship to this day. The Khmer Empires reign marks a high point in the cultural, religious, and artistic development of Southeast Asia. Eventually, however, all empires fall.  In the end, the Khmer Empire succumbed to drought and to incursions from neighboring peoples, particularly from Siam (Thailand).  Its ironic that the name Siem Reap, for the city nearest Angkor Wat, means Siam is defeated.  As it turned out, the people of Siam would bring down the Khmer Empire.  The lovely monuments remain today, though, testaments to the artistry, engineering and martial prowess of the Khmers. Timeline of Angkor Wat 802 C.E. - Jayavarman II is crowned, rules until 850, founds kingdom of Angkor. 877 - Indravarman I becomes king, orders construction of Preah Ko and Bakhong temples. 889 - Yashovarman I is crowned, rules until 900, completes Lolei, Indratataka, and Eastern Baray (reservoir), and builds Phnom Bakheng temple. 899 - Yasovarman I becomes king, rules until 917, establishes capital Yasodharapura on Angkor Wat site. 928 - Jayavarman IV takes throne, establishes capital at Lingapura (Koh Ker). 944 - Rajendravarman crowned, builds Eastern Mebon and Pre Rup. 967 - Delicate Banteay Srei temple built. 968-1000 - Reign of Jayavarman V, starts work on Ta Keo temple but never finishes it. 1002 - Khmer civil war between Jayaviravarman and Suryavarman I, construction begins on Western Baray. 1002 - Suryavarman I wins civil war, rules until 1050. 1050 - Udayadityavarman II takes throne, builds Baphuon. 1060 - Western Baray reservoir finished. 1080 - Mahidharapura Dynasty founded by Jayavarman VI, who builds Phimai temple. 1113 - Suryavarman II crowned king, rules until 1150, designs Angkor Wat. 1140 - Construction begins on Angkor Wat. 1177 - Angkor sacked by the Chams people from southern Vietnam, partially burned, Khmer king killed. 1181 - Jayavarman VII, famous for defeating Chams, becomes king, sacks Chams capital in reprisal in 1191. 1186 - Jayavarman VII builds Ta Prohm in honor of his mother. 1191 - Jayavarman VII dedicates Preah Khan to his father. End of 12th century - Angkor Thom (Great City) built as new capital, including state temple at the Bayon. 1220 - Jayavarman VII dies. 1296-97 - Chinese chronicler Zhou Daguan visits Angkor, records daily life in Khmer capital. 1327 - End of classical Khmer era, last stone engravings. 1352-57 - Angkor sacked by Ayutthaya Thais. 1393 - Angkor sacked again. 1431 - Angkor abandoned after invasion by Siam (Thais), although some monks continue to use the site.

Cold War Era and the Threats to American Families Essay

Cold War Era and the Threats to American Families - Essay Example For instance, when Cuba fell to Fidel Castro in 1959, they immediately got aid and support from the U.S.S.R.[Shermen, 2004, p. 17]. Likewise with a wide range of nations. In general, the Cold War became a situation where both the US and the USSR continued to expand their interests internationally, and in turn, grew their military power. Included in the growth of the military, was the expansion of nuclear arms. A nuclear bomb was first used by the US on Japan in the Second World War, and its effectiveness became the catalyst for developing these types of bombs in both the US and the USSR. The Cold War was thus synonymous with the 'arms race' [Westad, 2000, p. 207], which would eventually bankrupt the USSR. Explain the specific threats to American citizens. The US lived under the threat of nuclear bombs. These were not just in the USSR, but during that era, were the cargo for bombers constantly circling the world and also, located in allies of the USSR like Cuba. Thus, the US was under threat of being bombed and to a lesser extent, they felt they were under an ideological threat. One of the aspects of the Cold War, was the general fear that communism was expanding and within the US too.

BULE Homework 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BULE Homework 3 - Assignment Example In matters regarding stock, the S corporation entity would cause the business to enjoy an ability to reach out to latent investors using their stock. Taking this course is beneficial in that expansion becomes a possibility due to the support by money raised from stock issuance. This is an advantage that would be availed in case the cup cake bakery takes the form of Limited Liability Company or sole proprietorship, which lack the capacity to enjoy stock-related benefits. Notably, choosing the S corporation entity would assure the owner of the cup cake bakery of longevity. This is usually the best choice when the owner of the business has in mind long term goals such as creating a perpetual business for subsequent generations. It is a great advantage worth of considering because continuity is assured in case of unexpected incidences such as death unlike in sole proprietorship (Riddle, Butts, and Akiens 5). More importantly, choosing the S corporation entity would be immensely advantage ous because operating within such an entity helps minimize expenses. Summarily, this type of entity excludes owners from paying employment related taxes on a firm’s net revenue. On the other hand, shareholders employed by the cup cake bakery would pay such taxes. What should I name my business? Naming a business can be a stressing ordeal, especially without proper information. For a cup cake bakery, the most suitable name would have to appeal to the customer. In order to ensure that the need for appeal is met, the most suitable name would be ‘Delicious cup cakes’. The use of the word delicious is important in this case, because it appeals to the appetite of individuals who are already like cup cakes. In addition, the word appeals to those who may have never taken cup cakes as well as individuals who take a cup cake occasionally. Additionally, it is a simple name for children. This can work wonders among children because ‘delicious’ is not only appeal ing but also interesting and likely to stick in children’s minds. It is a wonderful name, especially when situating the business in a family neighborhood targeting children and teens. In picking the above name, what made you pick that name and what steps should take when choosing that name? The name ‘delicious cup cakes’ is most preferred because of its simplicity and ability to appeal to appetite. The choice of this name is also based on the basic reason behind customer preference of cup cakes over other baked foodstuffs like bread (Riddle, Butts, and Akiens 11). The bottom line is that people opt for cup cakes because they are deliciously prepared thus the name would trigger unplanned purchasing of the products offered. More importantly, the bakery will offer various types of cup cakes hence using the word delicious helps describe and summarize the varieties on offer. While picking up the name for the bakery, the following steps were necessary. A careful consid eration of other competitive names in the line of business Consideration of the fact that the business captures both shop-related and bakery operations The fact that the business is intended to run for as many years as possible eliminated the use of a personal name A consideration of th

Exam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam - Research Paper Example This Company therefore works hand in hand with Health Insurance association of America. Due to this prestige and availability of finances, Apple employees have good health cover which guarantees quality services in the best medical firms in America and all over the world. Pensions are sums of money paid to an individual regularly in fixed terms after retirement. Retirement plans in United States collaborate with human resource of all companies to ensure that no employee retires without pension. Pensioners are guaranteed both defined benefit and defined contribution pensions. Apple offers pensioners other benefits apart from pension for instance Equity within United States, Fixed and timely income and foreign equity. Paid off times are hours designated for employees to use whenever need arises. These hours are used mostly for sick days, schedule time off and extended absence off. Paid off times are beneficial to operations of the company because they allow individuals overcome fatigue and stress reducing cases of last minute absence and make employees feel satisfied. After every sales increase Apple pays for employees’ holidays though at irregular basis to continue serving customers. Work from home is practice whereby individuals engage in economic activities of their companies while away from job place. This is mainly indulged by agents and senior employees who have required resources at their homes for instance reliable internet and telephones. Apple provides best work at home services because their technical customer advisors are based at their homes and they work for short times but earn good salary. The employee will be able to perform other duties. Flexible hours are periods that employee is scheduled for work but is free to adjust his or her own program to cover for transport, picking children, and child care for breast feeding mothers. Apple allows customers to work according to their schedule for instance one can come early and leave before time or come late and compensate for the lost time. Wellness programs are activities conducted to keep the employee’s bodies, mind and emotions healthy. Wellness programs are for instance motivation talks, drug abuse rehabilitation and weight loss programs. Apple has well equipped gym where employees are free to exercise after job or lunch time and has reduced health related costs. Question 3 A partner for public service is a non-profit organization whose main duty is to ensure employees work according to set standards. Its mission is to shape the way civil servants deal with government duties. Strategic planning is process of integrating current and future goals of an organization by using right process which leads to innovation. Strategies help in creating a nexus between human resource development policies and goals of the organization. Planning project teams are individuals chosen to spear head the formulation and implementation of projects. Team members need to understand viv idly the issues affecting their group for easy identification of solutions. Strong planning project is made by members who co-operate to avoid competition among them. Adequate communication is paramount to policy making since team members need to talk to clients especially in non-profit organization where team members go out to meet clients. Division of labor among

Post 9 11 America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Post 9 11 America - Research Paper Example This could be divided into, A. Suspicion Prior to the terrorist attack, the interaction between various persons in the United States of America was smooth. This was very good at societal and national level. After the attack, a different perspective on things viewed innocently changed. The citizens were unaware of when the next attack could be conducted. As a result, they became more suspicious in everything they undertook (Tweedie 1). For the people with Arabic origin, they were perceived to be sympathizers of terrorism and thus were somehow alienated from the society. A good example is the removal of six Muslim imams from the plane due to them raising suspicion to other passages and the airline administration. B. Discrimination This followed from the risen suspicion of the American citizens towards people who were Arab, Muslim, Sikh, and south Asian (Gohil and Sidhu 91). This was mainly because they were either perceived to be directly or indirectly involved in the attacks. In some cases, vandalism was conducted. In the call for the construction of a mosque in USA, the citizens demonstrated in a bid to obstruct the implementation of the idea. This clearly indicated that people of Muslim and Arab origin were not accepted in USA. As time has been passing on, various transformations have been achieved in which the interaction has been building up. Since not all Arabs and Muslim are involved in terrorist attacks, various persons processing the same faith have declared their intentions in assisting in identifying people linked to terrorism (Smith 1). C. Department of Homeland Security The successful conduction of the terrorist attack on 9/11 indicated the limitation in capacity of the American security forces at the time. As a result, it was necessary to form a body that would entirely be mandated in looking into potential threats in USA and taking precaution in order to ensure that similar attacks were not conducted. This was implemented by the formation of depart ment of homeland security. It has since then been very useful even in cases of natural disasters. Its council conducts their control from the white house. Due to its importance in national security, it has continuously been transformed as the technology advances and currently it forms part of the top three cabinet departments in the US federal government. Thus despite the attack bringing pain and suffering, other merits such as formation of department of homeland security were reaped. D. Politics The attack led to numerous transformations in the US politics. At the time, both parties combined their effort and brought forth the necessity of implementation of foreign policies that clearly addressed the issue. A good example is the Patriot Act passed by the congress and signed by the president at the time, George W. Bush. The act reduced restriction initially imposed to the security officers. As a result, intensive search was conducted to persons at various locations in a bid to identi fy and prevent terrorist attacks (Drash 1). In addition, the officers were capable of looking into the personal details such as communication and finance. The secretary of treasury’s authority was empowered to regulate financial transactions especially those involving foreigners. After the attack, terrorist was modified to take into account domestic terrorism and many immigrants suspected

Whether the Death Penalty is a Desirable Policy Essay

Whether the Death Penalty is a Desirable Policy - Essay Example Apparently, death penalty is a controversial debate, with both opposing camps presenting strong positions aimed at justifying their claim. Possibly, no one would like to stand on the neutral ground to advocate for both, or none. The major contention is whether death penalty is a desirable policy for the government to implement. Notably, death penalty curtails the rights to life, which the constitution guarantees (Coughlin, 2004, p.99). The human rights activists have played an aggressive role in making sure that the governments abolish all constitutional provisions and by-laws, which promote death penalty, a move that is prevalence in most parts of the world. In reality, most international studies have shown that death penalty has ceased to be the preferred method of controlling crime (Coughlin, 2004, p.47). Therefore, most governments have shifted their attention to other methods of dealing with crime, without resorting to capital punishment. For this essay, the focus is on whether the death penalty is a desirable policy, while comparing the position in the United Kingdom and in Malaysia. Notably, the 10th day of October each year is marked worldwide, as â€Å"the day against death penalty† (Piket, 2011, p.1). In essence, the day is marked with campaigns and conferences to create awareness on the need to abolish death penalty. This aims at achieving the EU’s goal of eliminating the practice in all countries worldwide. The Position of the Death Penalty in the United Kingdom According to the government’s death penalty strategy of 2010, â€Å"The United Kingdom Opposes the death penalty in all circumstances as a matter of principle because we believe it undermines human dignity; there is no conclusive evidence of its deterrent value; and any miscarriage of justice leading to its imposition is irreversible and irreparable† (Hammel, 2011, p.235). The statement is indeed bold and encompasses many aspects about the value of a human being. In the strategy paper, one realizes that the U.K government does not have any provision to warrant any person to terminate the life of another, under all circumstances (Hammel, 2011, p.235). Precisely, this shows the government’s commitment to eradicating any legal right to sentence an individual to death. In addition, the U.K government cites that the practice does not guarantee human dignity (Hammel, 2011, p.235). Here, it reveals something very important, that is the human dignity. Terminating one’s life is like denying him/her the fundamental right to life, which is basic to all human beings. Perhaps, the U.K government realized that man does not create life, therefore, does not have the authority to terminate it. This implies that there should be alternative means of executing punishment to offenders other than subjecting them to death (Hammel, 2011, p.236). Still considering the statement, the government noted that none has ever verified that imposing death penal ty causes deterrent behavior. In fact, many studies have concluded that despite the increasing number of criminals being killed, the executions have not deterred others from joining such crimes (Hammel, 2011, p.236). Therefore, it is clear that imposing death penalty on criminals would be a deterrent to their behavior until an agreeable means of intervention, which is friendlier, is adopted. In addition, the government underscores the need to preserve life, indicating that misuse of justice, whose consequence terminates one’s life, is permanent and cannot be altered by all means (Yorke, 2009, p.207). Truly, once a criminal has been executed, he/she cannot be brought back to life. It seems as if the United Kingdom’

Hw Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hw - Assignment Example Growth in a company creates an important, enthusiastic corporation where individuals see genuine opportunity. At the same time, the management must be careful not to solely make growth its main objective but rather should focus on profitable growth. The main responsibility of marketing is to achieve profitable growth for the company. Marketing must recognize, evaluate and select market opportunities and strategize on how to achieve things. Product-market expansion grid is one of the devices for identifying growth opportunities. There are four strategies one for each and every quadrant in the grid (Yim Hee: 76). The grid has two dimensions which are product and market dimensions. Four growth strategies can be formed from these two dimensions. They include: This is a risky strategy this is because there is inadequate scope for utilizing current expertise or realizing economies of scale especially when you are trying to sell entirely different services or products to different customers. Its main strength is that one business is unlikely to be affected incase one business suffer from adverse circumstances (Yim Hee:

Whether the Death Penalty is a Desirable Policy Essay

Whether the Death Penalty is a Desirable Policy - Essay Example Apparently, death penalty is a controversial debate, with both opposing camps presenting strong positions aimed at justifying their claim. Possibly, no one would like to stand on the neutral ground to advocate for both, or none. The major contention is whether death penalty is a desirable policy for the government to implement. Notably, death penalty curtails the rights to life, which the constitution guarantees (Coughlin, 2004, p.99). The human rights activists have played an aggressive role in making sure that the governments abolish all constitutional provisions and by-laws, which promote death penalty, a move that is prevalence in most parts of the world. In reality, most international studies have shown that death penalty has ceased to be the preferred method of controlling crime (Coughlin, 2004, p.47). Therefore, most governments have shifted their attention to other methods of dealing with crime, without resorting to capital punishment. For this essay, the focus is on whether the death penalty is a desirable policy, while comparing the position in the United Kingdom and in Malaysia. Notably, the 10th day of October each year is marked worldwide, as â€Å"the day against death penalty† (Piket, 2011, p.1). In essence, the day is marked with campaigns and conferences to create awareness on the need to abolish death penalty. This aims at achieving the EU’s goal of eliminating the practice in all countries worldwide. The Position of the Death Penalty in the United Kingdom According to the government’s death penalty strategy of 2010, â€Å"The United Kingdom Opposes the death penalty in all circumstances as a matter of principle because we believe it undermines human dignity; there is no conclusive evidence of its deterrent value; and any miscarriage of justice leading to its imposition is irreversible and irreparable† (Hammel, 2011, p.235). The statement is indeed bold and encompasses many aspects about the value of a human being. In the strategy paper, one realizes that the U.K government does not have any provision to warrant any person to terminate the life of another, under all circumstances (Hammel, 2011, p.235). Precisely, this shows the government’s commitment to eradicating any legal right to sentence an individual to death. In addition, the U.K government cites that the practice does not guarantee human dignity (Hammel, 2011, p.235). Here, it reveals something very important, that is the human dignity. Terminating one’s life is like denying him/her the fundamental right to life, which is basic to all human beings. Perhaps, the U.K government realized that man does not create life, therefore, does not have the authority to terminate it. This implies that there should be alternative means of executing punishment to offenders other than subjecting them to death (Hammel, 2011, p.236). Still considering the statement, the government noted that none has ever verified that imposing death penal ty causes deterrent behavior. In fact, many studies have concluded that despite the increasing number of criminals being killed, the executions have not deterred others from joining such crimes (Hammel, 2011, p.236). Therefore, it is clear that imposing death penalty on criminals would be a deterrent to their behavior until an agreeable means of intervention, which is friendlier, is adopted. In addition, the government underscores the need to preserve life, indicating that misuse of justice, whose consequence terminates one’s life, is permanent and cannot be altered by all means (Yorke, 2009, p.207). Truly, once a criminal has been executed, he/she cannot be brought back to life. It seems as if the United Kingdom’

The Quest Of Life From Childhood To Death Essay Example for Free

The Quest Of Life From Childhood To Death Essay The quest for life has always been a medley of â€Å"the good, the bad and the ugly†. The occasional ups and downs of life and the frequent twists of fate here and there have left nobody untouched even the famous celebrities people see as role models. From Cradle to grave, everyone is faced with one challenge or the order of diverse degree. This was what Terry Kay’s plot captured in his classical, award winning novel titled To Dance With The White Dog. The plot of the novel revolves around Sam Peek, a complete family man, a local farmer and a celebrity, for featuring in many horticultural magazines in Hart County, Georgia, who devotedly planted pecan tress and even more devotedly loved his wife, Cora. For over 55 years, they were happily married, with kids until tragedy came knocking one night when Cora suddenly develops a heart attack which led to her death. Sam, already in his eighties was deeply saddened by his wife’s death. The children were not left out in sharing in the sorrow for they were one very happy family and devotedly loved each other. Sam’s health was naturally affected with by his grief and his daughter, Kate became too worried over his health, most especially when Sam claimed he keeps seeing a stray white dog that nobody else could see. Even Sam’s favorite son, James did not see the dog initially and everybody believes that the grief has affected his and simply going crazy, except his grandson, Bobby. However, after a series of events, everybody began seeing the white dog. Until the dog eventually disappears immediately after Sam’s death. It was concluded that the dog was Cora in another form. The theme of the novel is virtually about the quest or journey of life.The series of quest in Sam’s journey of life. His â€Å"saddest day† of loosing his wife, the lonesomeness that follows and the strength to live life without his wife. Sam’s story is about a true grief, aging, love and family life. Adding flavour to the quest is the mysterious White Dog that can only be seen by Sam Peek. It demonstrated a life-long love, natural process of aging and family relationship. One can taste bitterness and sweetness as one enters Sam’s life. You can feel the tears in his eyes, loneliness in his heart and joys on his face as the entire book enfolds vividly and dissolves in your mind. The book has been described as poetry portraying itself to be fiction. Despite his many children and friends, Sam felt lonely after his wife’s death. He had been invited for his 60 year college re-union, which he was looking forward to going along with Cora who promised to go with him. She died the very day the invitation came in the mail. Sam left home for the re-union, but lost his way along the road, he ended up in a medley of memories of his past struggles and achievements. He ended up going to where he proposed to Cora. He took a while reflecting on how he spent his life, the good old days with his wife, the younger days of the children. The life after his wife’s death and his companion, the mysterious white dog. He eventually discovers that he has cancer. As the cancer progresses in its stages, his oldest daughter moved back in to take care of him. Meanwhile, during his lonely days, his companion, the white dog would come around to keep him company. He was living alone in the farm. His children did not believe he could survive living alone in the farm without his wife. â€Å"How can this elderly man live alone on his farm? How can he keep on driving his dilapidated truck down to the fields to care for his few rows of pecan trees?†   Their fear was further aggravated when Sam keeps telling them about a white dog, â€Å"as white as the pure driven snow†, which seems to be   invisible to everyone but him, his children   be to think that grief and old age have gotten to his brain. Sam on the other hand begin to think his children crazy. Sam, knew he saw the dog. He, one of the smartest men in the South when it comes to trees could not be insane. He survived the pain of loss, grief, loneliness and old age yet maintaining the old farm alone. It is an emotional and intriguing story tracing Sam’s life through his life span, his memories, travails and the process of learning in life. Sam learns that the simple things of life are the most important after all. When he needed anyone, the white dog was always there, showing itself only when it felt was necessary. The story proves that love transcends death, for the love of Sam and Cora continued after Cora’s death through the white dog that Sam saw licking up grease on his back porch. Strangely enough, the white dog looked just like a dog that Sam and his wife had when they first were married. As Sam’s eldest daughter moved in to take care of him in his dying days, he opens the door for the white dog never to be seen again. After Sam’s death, the dog was not seen again either, only a faint print of the dog’s paws was noticed on his grave. The work was inspired by the experience of the writer and that of his parents. Kay was born in Hart County, Georgia, the setting of his novel. The eleventh of twelve children, which was the reason Sam had many children and friends. He grew up on a farm, he said that his parents had an undying love which he uses his novel to express, proving that true love disregards the concept of time and can possibly carry on lasting for eternity. It is actually a revised story of his experience about love, family and relationships.   A memorable experience of his childhood struggles, parental love and devotion, peer and family interaction etc. Summarily, the novel captures a true- life-like-story of humor, love, and friendship woven through the journey of Sam’s life. A quest for life from cradle to grave of an old man who must deal with the death of his wife death, as well as the trials of old age. A compelling story of the unusual struggle for survival despite the loss of a true companion and the other series of events time temper one life with. Sam Peek is a personification of strength, will and endurance, as he chose to continue to live on with all odds. Eventually his death culminates to creativity of the novel as the paws of his perpetual companion, the white dog, which was another form of Cora, was found on his grave. A true proof that their love will continue even after death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Reference: Terry Kay: To Dance With the White Dog: Washington Square Press 1st edition Trade.1991 Paperback. ISBN # 0671726730 http://www.terrykay.com/TerryBio.html www.mupress.org/webpages/books/blackmarrhouse.html www.amazon.com

Stress: Effects on nursing staff

Stress: Effects on nursing staff Job stress has become an increasingly common outcome of todays dynamic life. Stress in the workplace is better understood as the psychological state that represents an imbalance or inconsistency between an employees perceptions of the demands and their ability to cope with those demands. Most jobs consist of situations or events that employees find stressful; however, some jobs encounter more job-related stress than others. It is now an established fact that the profession of nursing is full of stress and challenges. Female nursing staff faces crying and dying patients on daily basis. The tasks performed by them are almost mundane and unrewarding. If measured by normal standards, nurses job is disgusting and distasteful, degrading and frightening (Hingley, 1984).  [i]   The ILO has commissioned a manual on the job stress and its prevention among female nursing staff entitled work relating stress in nursing, controlling the risk of health by Dr. A. Griffiths, Professor S. Cox, due to its great significance. (ILO, 2001).  [ii]   1.2) THE MAIN SOURCES/CAUSES OF JOB STRESS AMONG NURSES: The job of female nurses is daunting and daring. Everyday multiple and conflicting demands are imposed on nurses by their supervisor, managers, administrative staff and others. Such situation usually leads to work burden and role conflict. The role conflict is inherent in the job of female nurses due to goal oriented demands put on them such as getting patients better very early. The nurses are given the task of providing emotional support and relieving stress of dying and crying patients. Role conflict is common among nurses looking after those patients who are critically ill and dying. It is worth mentioning here that intensive care unit and critical units of our hospitals attracted particular attention these days. Here, the female nurses faces, on daily basis, stark suffering, grief and death. It is now universally accepted that health care in the current era suffer high rate of violent behavior. In recent times, many research studies have measured and determined the effects of job stress on health and well being of nurses in the hospital settings and elsewhere. Job stress detracts nurses from qualitative working lives, enhances psychiatric morbidity and contributes towards physical illness, such as musculoskeletal problems and depression.  [iii]   1.3) International council of nursing (ICN,2001) has reported that if we want to develop an optimum environment for the production of stress, a lot of stressors, we would include, would be obviously recognized by female nurses as events in the hospital settings which they confront on routine basis. The stressors are long hours, unpleasant noises, sights, undue quiet, sudden shift from intense to mundane tasks, time pressure, no second chance, and enclosed environment etc  [iv]  . 1.4) Stress usage in its historical perspective. Stress is a recent term used frequently and generally after 1950s. It is semi-psychological term, always refers to hardship and coercion. In Middle English destress, in Latin stringere- to draw tight. In physics, stress is the internal distribution of a force exerted on a material body, resulting in strain. During the year 1920s and 1930s, stress is used in psychological circles; here it is mental strain or unwelcome happenings. The advocate of holistic medicine refers stress to harmful environmental agent, the implication of which is illness. Following Hans Seyles laboratory experience during 1930s, a new scientific usage of stress developed. Stress is the state of organism as it responded and adapted to the environment. Seyles theories of universal non-specific stress response attracted great interest in the academic circle in physiology. Seyle endeavored to assimilate stress to the non academic physician as well, by writing a good piece entitled stress of life for general public. A thorough and detailed study of job stress would help employees achieve health and happiness by successfully responding to challenges and problems of the modern globalized world. Eustress is the positive stress as against destress which represents negative stress. Stressors are the causative events/ stimulus. A large amount of research has been conducted during the late 1960s and early 1970s, to establish a link between stress and diseases of various kinds, stress and decline in performance. To better address the critical issue of stress, research on stress in medical circle has become a focal point during the recent years. By 1990s, job stress has become significant segment of modern sciences, in all areas of physiology and human functioning. Focus, recently, developed on stress in certain settings, such as stress in work environment. And stress intervention and stress management techniques were developed (how to cope or handle stress). Stress may be viewed as perceived difficulties in life or a way of referring to hurdles, impediments and eliciting sympathy without being explicitly confessional, just stressed out. Stress includes a wide rang of outcomes, from mild irritation to intense and severe problems that might give real breakdown of health. Generally any event or situation between these extremes could be termed as stressful. The most critical and extreme situation result in burn out and the implication is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to one or more frightening and terrifying events that result in great physical loss. PTSD is a critical and ongoing emotional reaction to an extreme psychological trauma. It is associated with some occupations such as emergency human resource departments, police personnel and army men etc. These type of stressors may include events as someone actual death, threat to patients life or someone else, serious physical injuries or partial or total disablement, threat to psychological integrity, over whelming usual psychological defenses coping. Sometimes, it may result from profound psychological and emotional trauma apart from any physical harm. Often, however, the two are combined. Life is full of stressful events. We frequently confront challenges and obstacles, and sometime the pressure put on us is very hard to cope with. When we are definitely unsure of how to meet demands set for us, we experience stress. It is worth mentioning here that in small amount stress can be a good thing. It can give us the push, we need, motivating us and to concentrate and remain conscious, focus and alert.  [v]   Stress keep us on our toes during presentation or it stimulate us to curiously study for exam and stay focused when we would be rather in cinema. But when the stress become too hard and the lifes demands exceed our capabilities to handle, then our physical and emotional well being is threatened. We always consider the stressors as being negative, such as rocky relationship, death of near one, over work, an exhausting schedule etc. However, anything that compels us to accommodate and to cope can be a stressor. Stress includes as well, positive events such as promotion, transfer to new post, getting married and changes etc. Regardless of whether an event is positive or negative, if the changes it brings strain, our handling ability and adaptive resources are stimulated, the implication is the subjective feeling of being stressed and the biological stress response of the body. The sources of stress are manifold. Our stress may be associated to outside factors such as working environment, conditions of the world, family affairs etc. Sometime, stress may be the outcome of our own irresponsible behavior, unrealistic goal, negative perception, and attitude etc. The causes of the stress are highly individual. What we think stressful is associated with many factors, including our personality outlook on life, problem solving skills and social support system of our society. Sometimes, that is stressful to us may not be stressful for others. For example, our morning journey may make us worry that traffic jam will make us late, others, however, may find the trip relaxing because they allow more than enough time and enjoy talking, viewing and listening to music or reading books. (NIOSH 1987)  [vi]   Stress experienced by the masses in our modern and industrialized society mainly originates in the Enterprises; much of the stress that originates elsewhere affects our behaviour and performance in this enterprises-spill over effect. Stress means different thing to different peoples. From the perspective of layman, stress can be described as feeling tense, anxious or worried or having the blues. Scientifically such feelings are indication of the stress experience, an intriguingly complex programmed response to perceived threat that can have negative or positive implication. The term stress has been defined in multiple ways in the research and professional literature. All the definitions can be placed in two categories, stimulus and response. According to stimulus definition, stress is an event, situation or characteristic that result in potentially disruptive circumstances. In physics, stress refers to the external force applied to an object, for example a bridge girder. The response is strain, which is the impact the force on the girder. In a response definition, stress is seen partially as a response to some stimulus, called a stressor. A stressor is a potentially harmful or threatening external event or situation. Stress is more than simply a response to a stressor. However, in a response definition stress is the consequence of an interaction between an environment stimulus (a stressor) and an individuals response. That is, stress is the result of a unique interaction between stimulus condition in the environment and an individuals predisposition to respond in a particular way. (Ivancevich, 2001)  [vii]   1.5) Stress Defined:- One of the complicating issues in understanding stress is the fact that it has been defined in a multitude of ways. An adaptive response moderated by individual differences, that is a consequence of any action, situation or event that places special demands on a person.( Ivancevich,Olekalns,2008)  [viii]   Stress is a psychological and physiological response to events that upsets our personal balance in some way. These events or demands are known as stressors.(NIOSH, 2010)  [ix]   Stress is the general term applied to the pressures, people feel in life.(Newstorm,Devis, 2002)  [x]   Any adductive demand caused by physical , mental or emotional factors that requires coping behavior(Bohlander,Snell, 2004)  [xi]   A dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraints or demand related to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.( Robbins, 2001)  [xii]   Stress is a complex pattern of emotional states, physiological reactions and related thoughts in response to external demands.(Greenberg, Baron, 2000)  [xiii]   The interaction between individual and environment characterized by physiological and psychological changes that cause a deviation from normal performance. A situation where in job-related factors interact with a worker to change his or her psychological and/or physiological condition such that the person is force to deviate from normal functioning.(Bernardin, 2003)  [xiv]   Some environmental force affecting the individual, which is called a stressor. The individuals psychological or physical response to the stressor. In some cases, an interaction between the stressor and the individuals response. Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an Opportunity, demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.(Robbins, Timothy, 2007)  [xv]   (11) Behr and Newman define job stress as a condition arising from the interaction of people and their jobs and characterized by changes within people that force them to deviate from their normal functioning.(Pfeffer, 1992)  [xvi]   (12) When a person is confronted with a situation which poses a threat or demand, and perceives that she or he does no have the capability or resources to match or exceed the stressor, the imbalance that results at that point in time is termed stress.( Luthan, 2005)  [xvii]  ) (13) An Individuals adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening to the persons wellbeing.(Mc Shane, Travaglione, 2004)  [xviii]   (14) Stress is an individuals physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or physiological demands on the individual and create uncertainty and lack of personal control when important outcomes are at stake. (Samson, Richard, 2003)  [xix]   (15) Stress is the excitement, feeling of anxiety, and/or physical tension that occur when the demands place on an individual are thought to exceed his ability to cope. (Hellriegel, John 2004)  [xx]   (16) Stress is a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a Persons recourse or ability to cope. (Hockenbury, 2003)  [xxi]   For our purposes, we think it is useful to view stress as the response a person makes and to identify the stimulus conditions (actions, event or situation) as stressor. This allows us to focus our attention on aspects of the organizational environment that are potential stress producers. Whether stress is actually felt or experienced by a particular individual will depend on that individuals unique characteristics. Furthermore, note that this definition emphasizes that stress is an adaptive response. The great majority of our responses to stimuli in the work environment does not require adaptation and thus are not really potential sources of stress. In the context of our stress definition, stress is the outcome of handling something that places special demands on the individual. Special here means unusual, physically or psychologically threatening, or outside an individuals usual set of behaviors. Starting a new assignment, changing bosses, having a flat tier, missing a plane, making a mistake at work, having a performance evaluation meeting with the boss, giving a speech all of these are actions, events or situations that may place special demands on individuals. In that sense, they are potential stressors. Not all stressors will always place the same demand on all people. In order 0f an action, event or situation to result in stress, it must be perceived by the individual to be a source of threat, challenge or harm. If there are no perceived consequences good or bad there is no potential stress. At least three additional factors play a role in determining whether what an individual is experiencing is likely to result in stress. These factors are; importance, uncertainty and duration. Importance is related to how significant the event is for the individual. For example, let us suppose that an employee is facing a job lay-off. The more significant or important that event is to the individual, the greater the stress potential. If the employee expects such an event to be followed by a period of prolonged unemployment, it will probably be viewed as a more important event than if immediate employment is assured Uncertainty refers to a lack of clarity about what will happen. Rumors of an impending lay-off may be more stressful for some people than knowing for certain that they will be laid off. At least in the latter case, they can make plans for dealing with the situations. Frequently, not knowing places more demands on people than knowing, even if the known result is perceived as negative. Finally, duration is a significant factor. Stressor can be either acute or chronic. Acute stressors are major events in our lives that have a relatively short time frame. Getting married, losing your job or failing in exams are all events that leave a big impact on us, but they do not endure overtime (we do not fail an exams every day). Chronic stressors have a less profound impact on us when they occur, but we are exposed to them on an almost continual basis. They are represented by daily hassles that fit with seyles representation of stress as the wear and tear of every day life. Such things as shopping, cooking or finding a study space in the library are all minor irritation that we face on an almost daily basis. They may not affect us at a time, but their affect slowly built over time. Generally speaking, the longer special demands are placed on us, the more stressful the situation. Giving an unpleasant job assignment that lasts for only a day or two may be mildly upsetting, whil e the same assignment lasting for months may be excruciatingly painful. Although there are some acute stressors in the workplace (job loss or transfer, promotion or demotion, and entering or leaving the job market), most of the work place stressor are better thought of as daily hassles. 1.6) THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS) Stress includes both psychological and physical components. Dr. Hanss Seyle, the pioneer of stress research was the first to conceptualize the psycho physiological responses to stress. Seyle consider stress a non-specific response to any demand made upon an organism. He labeled the three phases of the defense reaction that a person establishes when stressed as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). Seyle called the defense reaction general because stressor had effects on several areas of the body. Adaptation refers to a stimulation of defenses designed to help the body adjust to or deal with, the stressor. And syndrome indicates that individual pieces of the reaction occur more or less together. The three distinct phases, which can be seen in exhibit no.1, are called alarm, resistance and exhaustion. The alarm stag is the initial mobilization by which the body meets the challenges posed by the stressor. When a stressor is recognized, the brain sends forth a biochemical message to all the bodys systems. Respiration increases, blood pressure raises, pupils dilate, muscles tense up and so forth. If the stressor continues, the GAS proceeds to the resistance stage. Sign of being in the resistance stag include fatigue, anxiety and tension. The person is now fighting the stressor. While resistance to a particular stressor may be high during this stag, resistance to other stressor may be low. A person has only finite sources of energy, concentration and ability to resist stressors. Individuals are often more illness-prone during periods of stress than at other times. The final GAS stage is exhaustion. Prolonged and continual exposure to the same stressor may eventually use up the adaptive energy available, and the system fighting the stressor becomes exhausted. It is important to keep in mind that the activation of the GAS places extraordinary demands on the body. Clearly, the more frequently the GAS is activated and longer it remains in operation, the more wear and tear there is on the psycho physiological mechanisms. The body and mind have limits. The more frequently a person is alarmed, resist and becomes exhausted by work, non-work or the interaction of these activities, the more susceptible he or she becomes to fatigue, disease, aging and other negative consequences. (Ivancevich, 2001)  [xxii]   Stage 1 Normal level of resistance Stage 3 ALARM REACTION The body shows the changes characteristic of the first expose to the stressor. At the same time, its resistance is diminished. Workplace example: A request by a manager to submit a budget in 3 days RESISTANCE The second stage ensures if continued exposure to the stressor is not compatible with adaptation. Resistance increase above normal. Workplace example: Flying off the handle at a meeting because the budget was still unfinished time is passing with no budget work occurring. EXHAUSTION The third stage follows long continued exposure to the same stressor, to which the body has become adjusted. Eventually adaptation energy is exhausted. Workplace example: No sleeps, insomnia, worry about the budget. Totally and physically exhausted. Stage 2 Exhibit no.1 1.7) THE CAUSES OF STRESS The causes of stress, which may rightly be called stressors, include any environmental condition that place a physical or emotional demand on a person. There are numerous stressors in organizational settings and other life activities. Exhibit no.2 lists the four main types of work-related stressor: Physical environment stressors, Role-related stressors, Interpersonal stressors and Organizational stressors. 1.7.1) STRESSORS INHERENT IN PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT (PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT STRESSORS) The physical environment of organization contains some physical environmental stressors; safety hazards, poor lighting, and excessive noise etc. For example, a study of textile workers in a noisy plant found that there level of stress decreased measurably when they were supplied with ear protectors. Another study reported that clerical employees experience significantly higher stress level in noisy, open office than in quiet areas. Physical stressors also include poorly designed office space, lack of privacy, ineffective lighting and poor air quality. 1.7.2) ROLE-RELATED STRESSOR In this concept of role related stressors, employees have difficulty in assimilating and reconciling or performing the multitude roles that they play in their life. Main role-related stressors are; Role conflict, Role ambiguity, Workload Task control: Role conflict Accordingly, when masses confront competing demands role conflict occurs. An employee may have two roles that are in conflict with each other (called interrole conflict) or may receive contradictory messages from different people about how to perform a task (called intraoral conflict). Role conflict also occurs when organizational values and work obligations are incompatible with personal values (called person-role conflict). For example, a recent study described how Australian managers experience the stress of people-role conflict when they observe unethical practices involving partners located in other countries. Work related stressors Physical environment stressors Role-related stressors Interpersonal stressors Organizational stressors Non-work stressors Individual Differences stress Consequences of distress Physiological Heart disease Ulcers High BP Headaches Sleep disturbance More illness Psychological Job dissatisfaction Depression Exhaustion Moodiness Burnout Behavioral Lower job performance More accidents Faulty decisions Higher absenteeism Workplace aggression Exhibit no.2 1.7.2.2 Role ambiguity When workers are unsure of meeting job responsibilities, performance, expected level of authority and job conditions, role ambiguity is said to exist. This tends to occur when people enter new situations, such as joining the organization or taking an overseas assignment, because they are uncertain about task and social expectations. 1.7.2.3Work load-work under load providing small amount of work or assignment to workers that do not match their talent is a stressor. However, work overload is the most common stressor these days in our dynamic organization. Employees are required to perform too much work in too short time. Long hour work leads to unhealthy lifestyles, which in turn, cause heart disease and stokes. This is a concern in Singapore and Hong Kong where cultural values encourage long work hours. Work hours in Australia are also creeping up, with almost one-third of the workforce clocking in 49 hours or more per week. Work overload is such a problem in Japan that death from overwork has its own name karoshi. 1.7.2.4) Task control employees feel more stress when they have no control over their assignment, performance and pace of their activities. Work is potentially more stressful when it is paced by a machine, involves monitoring equipment or the work schedule is controlled by someone else. This is the reason why techno stress-stress caused by information technology-has become one of the leading health hazards in the workplace. Australian now identifies e-mail as their biggest source of stress. One-quarter of British managers also say that email is creating stress. Over two-thirds of employees in large American companies feel overwhelmed by the incessant demands of electronic communication. 1.7.3) STRESSOR INTERPERSONAL These include ineffective supervision, office politics and other conflicts with masses. High turnover of front-line staff at Australias Commonwealth Bank is apparently partly cause by stress from increasingly angry customers. One survey indicate that 88 per cent of call center employees in Australia say that they have high or extreme level of stress, mainly due to angry customers and unsupportive management. Its one thing dealing with one angry costumer on the odd occasion, but when you are dealing with people like that all day, it is tough, says JAG Marketing executive Jonathon Gross, who has worked in a call center. Teamwork is a potential interpersonal stressor. A study of West rail, the government-owned rail transportation company in Western Australia, revealed that employees experienced higher stress when they were formed into work teams. Sexual harassment is another powerful interpersonal stressor. Victims of sexual harassment experience trauma (especially from rape or related exploitation) or must endure tense colleague relations in a hostile work environment. Moreover, they are expected to endure more stress while these incidents are investigated. 1.7.3.1) Workplace violence Another serious interpersonal stressor is the rising wave of physical violence in the workplace. In the United States, one thousand workers assassinated on job each year and two million other experiences lesser forms of violence. But the international labor organization reports that the highest incidence of workplace assaults and sexual harassment isnt in the United States; it occurs in France, Argentina, Romania, Canada and England. Workplace violence is less common (or less reported) in Pacific Rim countries, but it is significant stressor in some industries. New Zealands department of work and income has banned 170 people from entering its offices because of their violent or intimidating behavior. All 260 nurses who responded to a survey in New South Wales had experienced some form of violence at least weekly; many cited incidents involving lethal weapons. Employees have usually symptoms of severe stress, when experiencing violence, or after traumatic events. It is not uncommon for these primary victims to take long-term leave. Some never return to work. Workplace violence is also a stressor to those who observe the violence. After a serious workplace incident, counselors work with many employees, not just the direct victims. Even employees who have not directly experienced or observed violence may show signs of stress if they work in high-risk jobs. For example, one study reported that the greater cause of work-related stress among British bus driver is their perceived risk of physical assault. 1.7.3.2) Workplace bullying Although less dramatic than workplace violence, workplace bullying is becoming so common that it is considered as more serious interpersonal stressor. It has become enough of a concern that some Scandinavian countries have passed laws against it. Humiliating behavior, intimidating or offensive attitude that insults and ridicules or degrade another workers at organization is better refer to work place bulling. People with higher authority are more likely to engage in bullying or incivility towards employees in lower positions. What studies here in Australia and around the world are showing is that significant source of workplace stress is bullying-intimidating behavior from employers and bossy attitude. Workplace bullying produces stress and its physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences. Australian studies estimates that almost three-quarters of victims experience or seek counseling for depression, fatigue, sleep disorders and higher blood pressure following incidents of bullying. Workplace bullying also imposes enormous costs on organizations. Australian research has found that victims take an average o HRM: Strategic goals and objectives HRM: Strategic goals and objectives INTRODUCTION This assignment will find out answer the question which is that do u think the linking of HRM with strategic goals and objectives by any organization will help to improve business performance and develop organizational cultures that foster innovation flexibility. Besides it will illustrate the objectives of strategic HRM in the organization and how they influence competitive advantage of organization. Companiesare as good as their staff. The demand to maximise the potencyl of the company and their manpower by clever people management and organisational growth is a dutyaccomplish through the HR area. It is the aim of a company to be successful and to turn a profit. It is necessary for people to play a crucial role in succeeding this objective. The aim of this assignment is to supply an apprehension of the relevancy of HR strategy that advocates the business strategy to the task of HR department a company. Several growing companies believe that Human Resource (HR) supplies them competitive advantage. It was seen by many companies that competitive advantage can be found by quality manpower or employees and culture. Ä °t evaluates the long-run performance of a company. Strategic HR assures that staff of a company helps to its success with their abilities and performance. Traditional HR is related to carrying out of rules and techniques such as recruitment, staffing,assessment. But linking the general HRM and the companys strategy gives HR department more background to increase the skills of their manpower and concentrate on the vision and mission. Human Resource Management The overall aim of HRM is to contribute companies succeed their tasks which are vitally seen in terms of efficiency by its people. HRM emphasises on the importunity of gettting dedication to the companies task and values with emphasis on the need for strategic adjustment, which is the combination of business and HR strategies. Nevertheless , different opinions to the strategic management of human resources are likely. This is a kind of managing andcontrolling the manpower so as to get a competitive advantage. However , it emphasises on the human issues of HRM as valuable assets, by stressing on communication, motivation and leadership. It can be seen as a typical way of leading people, one that focuses on the value of staff as investigationsto be improved by the company. The accent is one which has the involvement of management focused on assuming a planned approach which is intimately incorporated with business strategy. â€Å"The interpretation of HRM is based on incorporating either a soft, developmental humanist approach or a hard, situational contingent approach† (Liao, 2005) In a perfectcompany one would adopt it to be well- adjusted and incorporated with all people partaking the organisational purposes and working together as a team. This concludes that the distinction between the two approaches was not and still is not a precise one. Human resource management policies and rules might affect the recruitment process, in that people could be afected to apply for jobs if the organization becomes considered for its good human resource management approach. On the other hand, poor human resource management practices might rise sales.â€Å"Effective recruiting is essential to an organizations financial future†(Dessler). Human resource managers should actively improve training and aid line managers in the performance appraisal process.Managers should actively revise employee performance to supply feedback to staff and address performance subjects. Performance appraisals should be indifferent and focused on essential performance issues.Managers should ma ke a point staff understand what is expected of them and the demand of their job. HR Strategy and Business Strategy First of all ,strategy will be defined and how it connects to human resource management. Strategy is obtaining from where we are now to where we would like to be; it may be demonstrate or inexplicit in organisational behaviour. Schneider (1994) has suggested that in â€Å"the soft approach, effective HRM is seen necessarily to involve a focus upon fostering employee motivation, commitment and development.† Thus, HR strategy is connected to organisational strategy. Ä °fdefinitions will be looked. Business strategy could be described as those people who work an organisation that find ways to place their business duties through the use of controlling the planning environment and to fully use the future use of the capital and human assets. Nevertheless, HR strategy could be described as the procedure of joining tactics, programmes and purposes within an overall model, planned to improve to meet a companies duties. Because of that, it is saidthat HR strategy should play an important role in improving the companies competitive advantage and not only as a way to contribute the business strategy but also to improve it is a right supposition to the extent of both going hand-in-hand to succeed the companies main purposes and objectives. Of all the demand related to the above, HR strategy could be vindicated by business strategy. HR strategies will be considered by management as of little relevancy to the real duties of the business without business strategy, and it will leave the HR function in a difficult position, however it might have a important role in the delivery of the long-term future plans of a company. All the determinationsif becoming HR or business could be incorporated at a strategic level therefore all aspects and demand are introduced by making new opportunities for what is hold thinkable. Human resource strategy has got too many topics. Because of that , it is difficult to describe human resource strategy. The centre of HR strategy is a kept up focus on the people who work for a company.A HR strategy is vital for keeping quality customer satisfaction,being loved and continuing high quality staff and assuring kept dedication from the staff to steady develop the company. It means that the growth of strategies to appeal the right people to the organisation with the right abilities and competences and strategies to continue them only they are enrolled.Key issues in attracting and continuing staff are Recruitment and Selection, Rewards and pay, Training and development and appraisal management.The main purpose of any HR strategy is to make the highest value company. Ä °t is explained what HR strategy and why organisations should improve a HR strategy.For many organisations there is a essential situation to improve a HR strategy because of the risingly rivalry business globalization. HR strategy educesthe desire to fully work the capacity of people as a opportunity of competitive advantage but also to meet the needs of HR practioners.The only real source of sustainable competitive advantage for many companies is letting loose the power of its people, people and procedures not only supply unbelievable competitive advantage, they are also difficult to copy or buy in. The factors which should be considered by management In performing the work, the manager should think the strategic elements of the organization system. These elements are individual element, formal organization element, informal organization element and The Role and Status Patterns element. Internal factors Ä °ndividual factors: which include attitudes, feeling, and personality traits, motives and other variables that help determine individuals behavior Formal organization factors: are the formal structure, the hierarchy of authority, the communications channels, and the pattern of relationship that it supplies together with is objective, policies, process and other management devices that help to develop and facilitate its system Informal organization factors: it involves the standards and behavioral forms that are enforced upon by its staff by the work group. This element also involves informal systems for communication and the processes for short-cutting formal methods. The Role and Status Patterns factors- are those that are made by both the informal and the formal companies, and by the backgrounds and the behaviors of the people who work these companies External factors Economic factors The price level and general interest rate will influence top managements decision on main problems.â€Å"Because financial resources are scarce, management must allocate them in ways that would yield the maximum return. each Porterian competitive strategy involves a unique set of responses from workers or ‘needed role behaviours and a particular HRM strategy that might generate and reinforce a unique pattern of behaviour†(Schuler and Jackson, 2002 The competitive climate also influences management strategy. Legal factors Statue, common or administrative law curbs business operation. FactorsImposed by Trade Unions Technological factors SAMPLES FROM COMPANIES It is crucial to search how organizations human resource management (HRM) improves to highly skilled, loyalty staff and influence companys performance, therefore resulting in important competitive advantages. It may be important to clarify the strategy throughout the hierarchy to every employee (Huang, 2001). MARK SPENCER Eventuality-based approach to HRM is often known as a necessary part of a cost-minimisation strategy. Nevertheless , in MS it is adviced that for a successful carrying out of changes, there is a more need of soft approach for the medium term success, when everyone who works in the company needs to get together and see the importance of the changes. Bergenhenegouwen (1996) states that the concept of core competences goes beyond this in a search for those few activities that underpin competitive advantage For MS the dedication of senior management and the appointed heads of the business units to HRM are important to organizations effective procedure. It could be necessary to have the information and abilities essential to carry out a believable HRM programme within the company.() For a medium term success, MS should think the following HRM approaches: A clear apprehension and dedication of the management to the attractive change shouldkeep any struggles and operational roadblocks; Good active and attractive leadership will have to come about and be contributed by the managers of MS. It is also important to think as teamwork in make decision procedure. The staff have to be incorporated into the change process management; To be more service-focused company, MSwould have a look at a culture of communication because of thatpeople could use the advantage of ateamwork for the advancement and the companys success. Therefore , MS has to put a great accent on development of social communication abilities of all organisational staff; Staff participation is possible to advocate to a signified of obligation and property and, thus, organisational dedication and commitment. â€Å"The norms and beliefs that increase mark spencers skill to get, see, and return signals from the environment into internal organisational and behavioural change will promote its survival, growth and development†( http://www.ivoryresearch.com/sample13.php) SAMSUNG HRM could make an attractive influence on organisational performance in many ways, these are: improve and successfully carrying out high performance work practices, especially those interested in job and work design, flexible working, imagination, staff improvement, reward and giving staff a voice. develop a clear vision and adjust of values and assure that it is enclosed, imparishable, collective, measured and managed. improve a attractive psychological contract and means of rising the motivation and dedication ofstaff. develop and carrying outpolicies that know the essentials of people and make a great place of work supply support andrecommend to line managers on their role in carrying out HR policies. Mc donalds McDonalds runs in so many countries, HRM should be conscious of the different employment and contract laws, culture, currency differences, and staff costs all over these countries. The extension plans for India must not influencethe company critically when the operation guidelines and policies already exist. When the company increases into new countries they should think other subjects such as uniform and eating habits, certain religions do not eat certain products, other cultures enforce dress code, all these subjects should be considered by the HRM to assure the arrangement of right policies. Because of dropping sales there are plans to change the image and culture of the company; showing new decor, uniforms and packaging. Unless HRM have included the staff in the planning stage of these changes, they will come across great difficulty in getting cooperation; staff should buy in to changes. Ä °n spite ofthe mc donalds does have training facilities around the country studying staff on these changes. Consumers might also protest to this image change. The meeting of healthy foods might cause problems, staff will should be re-trained, which might cause staff missing, andrise training costs. A few of the stores located in city centres are setting facilities to let the customer linking to the Internet. The HRM will have to embed policies to assure right usage of the Internet; and improvements to assure that wrong websites are not possible. TOYOTA Toyota looks for to improve human resources by the action of making things. toyota thinks that development of human resources providespassed on of values and perspectives. Ä °t can be seen that business expansion is related to strategic human resource management. Ä °t has become priority concept. â€Å"Toyota is building both tangible (a new learning facility) and intangible (course content) structures relating to team member development that ensures a secure and steady flow of qualified human resources to conduct Toyotas global business in the 21st century†.( http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/03/jyugyoin03.html) Toyota has described the needed qualifications of professional staff for office and engineering positions, and shaped human resources who are able to perform day-to-day activities and enlarge their abilities in technical positions. Company-wide training is went on based on employee qualifications, as well as specialized training for individual d ivisions, language training, and special knowledge and skill training TARGETS Pepsico is training store managers in merchandizing techniques to help rise store sales as well as sales of Pepsico. â€Å"Unifi helps consumers with their efficiency appraisal systems, making their customers more competitive andA thus better able to buy Unifi products.† Mercedes gave training mechanics in service by the United States so as that Mercedes can advise 24-hourgiving service anywhere in the United States. Nissan Motors and HondA Motorsadvise busy training programs to their parts suppliersso asto increase the quality of their goods.McDonalds advises comprehensive training to their franchise owners. Thrust Thecase of Lincoln Electric is an instance of the using of HRM practices to rise the performance of production and thereby lower the cost of the electric motors and arc welders. People Express Airlines is similar example of, a cost/efficient thrust. Unifi, McDonalds, and Honda help in the HRM practices of their consumers, distributors, and suppliers, respectively, so as to help them sustain costs down as well as to make sure a rivalry, and thus enduring, set of customers, distributors, and suppliers. IBM can make itself different than rivals by providing programming training for customersemployees. Staffing The American Productivity Center in Houston makes use of its staffing practices to get a rivalry advantage. Moreoverit assists its staffing practices with coherent training practices. The Baltimore Orioles also get differentiation by their staffing practices, this time with their suppliers. Appraising â€Å"At Emery Air Freight, the company was losing $1 million yearly because employees on the airport loading docks were shipping small packages separately rather than placing those with the same destination in one container that. would be carried at lower rates by air carriers.†( http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~schuler/mainpages/GainingCompAdvantageHRMpractices.pdf) Compensation People Express Airline and Lincoln Electric, who use Financial benefit practices to get a cost/efficiency competitive advantage, TRW and the Hewlett-Packard Company use compensation to drive their search for innovative products and services.At Hewlett-Packard, attempting behavior is irritated in project leaders by trying more rewards to their achievement CONCLUSION To sum up, improving a HR strategy is active for companies in todays competitive business environment. The different approaches to HRM strategy in this assignment are not always practical as in reality. In reality when companies are improving a HR strategy they will make possible somewhere between the â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† approach.Another point is that evatulaty should be thought, as HR, strategies should be contingent with the companies subcultures.The following concepts should be thought whether the HR strategy a company espouses is to be influence.Different human resource practices should be consistent and accompaniment each other.There should be a fit between the consistent sets of human resource practices and other systems within the organisation.The human resource systems need to be in line with the business or competitive strategy of the company.